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organic chemistry

 Summary

Definition:
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies carbon-containing compounds, especially those found in living organisms. It focuses on how carbon atoms bond with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens to form a vast variety of molecules.

🧩 Key Concepts

  1. Carbon’s Unique Properties

    • Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds.

    • It can form chains, rings, and branched structures.

    • Carbon–carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple, leading to huge structural diversity.

  2. Functional Groups

    • Specific atom groups that determine a molecule’s properties and reactions.

    • Examples:

      • –OH (alcohols)

      • –COOH (carboxylic acids)

      • –NH₂ (amines)

      • C=O (carbonyl compounds)

  3. Types of Compounds

    • Hydrocarbons: Only carbon and hydrogen

      • Alkanes (single bonds)

      • Alkenes (double bonds)

      • Alkynes (triple bonds)

      • Arenes (aromatic compounds)

    • Derivatives: Contain other elements (O, N, Cl, etc.)

  4. Isomerism

    • Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

    • Structural isomers: Different connectivity

    • Stereoisomers: Same connectivity, different 3D orientation (e.g., cis/trans, enantiomers)

  5. Reactions

    • Common types:

      • Substitution

      • Addition

      • Elimination

      • Oxidation–reduction (redox)

      • Polymerization

  6. Mechanisms

    • Step-by-step pathways showing how bonds break/form.

    • Key species:

      • Carbocations (C⁺)

      • Carbanions (C⁻)

      • Free radicals (•)